PATRÓN DE NARRACIONES CON SECUENCIA Y ORDENAMIENTO DEL TIEMPO

Ejercicio 1. Lea el siguiente texto y extraiga las palabras claves, diga si son de instrucciones, o de secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo.


a) Project planning is part of project management, which relates to the use of schedules such as Gantt charts to plan and subsequently report progress within the project environment.


Initially, the project scope is defined and the appropriate methods for completing the project are determined. Following this step, the durations for the various tasks necessary to complete the work are listed and grouped into a work breakdown structure. The logical dependencies between tasks are defined using an activity network diagram that enables identification of the critical path. Float or slack time in the schedule can be calculated using project management software. Then the necessary resources can be estimated and costs for each activity can be allocated to each resource, giving the total project cost. At this stage, the project plan may be optimized to achieve the appropriate balance between resource usage and project duration to comply with the project objectives. Once established and agreed, the plan becomes what is known as the baseline. Progress will be measured against the baseline throughout the life of the project. Analyzing progress compared to the baseline is known as earned value management.

Marcadores de Tiempo: Initially, Once, Then, At this stage, Following this step, subsequently
 
Tipo de texto: descripcion
 
Idea general del párrafo: importancia de la planecion en un proyecto gerencial
 
 
 
b) Business administration school is a university-level institution that educates learners on such topics as accounting, finance, marketing, organizational behavior, strategy planning, and quantitative methods. Most business administration schools have experienced well-qualified faculties, and efficient managements. In 1881, the first 'collegiate business school' was founded in Wharton.
Business Schools before World War II were mostly "schools of commerce" and were conducted in relatively low esteem. After the Second World War and especially after 1960, Business Administration Schools began to grow rapidly. They are often known as university graduate schools. MBA degrees originally occurred in the United States of America, due to the fast industrialization growth that made it essential for companies to use scientific approaches to teach management. The first MBA degree was offered by Dartmouth College in 1900. Business schools have mushroomed and flourished in all states and countries thus, making them feasible for individuals who work during the day to take classes and earn degrees at night.



Since 1988, business schools have changed deans, altered curriculums, and stressed new expertise among their students. A MBA degree has opened abundant opportunities for its bearers. Presently, nearly all business positions require an MBA degree as the minimum qualification. This includes business managers in marketing, finance, human resources, operations, and information technology. Investment entities, banking companies and a number of management consulting firms prefer employing MBA graduates specializing in the field of finance. These graduates are well conversant in their respective fields. For industries such as media and entertainment, an MBA is not a necessity, but it is considered an additional asset.


There are wide ranges of options among the different academic institutions that offer business courses. Various sites are available wherein detailed information about all the specialization fields are mentioned along with their course details. These sites also offer information regarding the universities that are well qualified and offer competent MBA programs.

Marcadores de Tiempo: In 1881,before, After,1960, Since 1988, nearly

Tipo de texto: secuencia u ordenamiento del tiempo, narración

Idea general del párrafo:historia sobre el desarrollo de la escuela de adminastracion de negocios

Ejercicio 2. Lea los siguientes textos y extraiga las definiciones y los marcadores del discurso.


a) Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, "logos") or theory of knowledge is a branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge.[1] The term was introduced into English by the Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier (1808-1864).[


Much of the debate in this field has focused on analyzing the nature of knowledge and how it relates to similar notions such as truth, belief, and justification. It also deals with the means of production of knowledge, as well as skepticism about different knowledge claims. In other words, epistemology primarily addresses the following

Epistemology (Epistomologia): el la rama de la psicologia relacionada como la teoria del conocimiento.
Marcadores de Discurso: is (es), concerned with (relacionado con)

b) Interpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways, though most definitions involve participants who are interdependent on one another, have a shared history. Communication channels are the medium chosen to convey the message from sender to receiver. Communication channels can be categorized into two main categories: Direct and Indirect channels of communication.


Interpersonal communication (comunicacion interpersonal): interconexcion entre participantes de una comunicacion
Marcadores de Discurso: involve (envuelve)
Communication channels:  el medio empleado para transmitir un mensaje del emisor al receptor
Marcadores de Discurso: are (es)
 
c) Neuro-linguistic programming (usually shortened to NLP) is an interpersonal communication model and an alternative approach to psychotherapy that was co-created by Richard Bandler and linguist John Grinder in the 1970s. It was based on the subjective study of language, communication and personal change, in particular, mainly through modeling three successful psychotherapists, Fritz Perls (gestalt therapy), Virginia Satir (family systems therapy), and eventually Milton H. Erickson (clinical hypnosis). Bandler and Grinder aimed to discover and model the successful patterns of behavior and communication distinguishing these exceptional individuals from their peers. Some consider NLP to still be a set of techniques or strategies for enhancing communication and personal influence rather than a model or theory.
 
Neuro-linguistic programming (programacion neurolinguistica): modelo de comunicaciones interpersonales
Marcadores de Discurso: is (es)

Ejercicios Ingles instrumental

Ejercicio 1


Lea las siguientes definiciones y extraiga los marcadores del discurso.

Traditional leadership theory is narrowly concerned with top-down leadership in large organizations.

Ethics refers to learning what is right or wrong, and then doing the right thing.

Coaching is partnering with clients in a thought-provoking and creative process that inspires them to maximize their personal and professional potential.

The word leadership can refer to: 1. The ability "to get people to follow voluntarily." 2. Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading. 3. The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership, consultado el 30/06/2008

Education encompasses teaching and learning specific skills, and also something less tangible but more profound: the imparting of knowledge, positive judgment and well-developed wisdom. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education, consultado el 30/06/2008

Ontology is known as the branch of philosophy focusing upon the origins, essence and meaning of being.